Granular calcium hypochlorite coated with an inorganic salt

ABSTRACT

A coated, rounded, solid calcium hypochlorite granule is described which is comprised of granular calcium hypochlorite encapsulated with a plurality of layers of an inorganic salt other than calcium hypochlorite. The inorganic salt is admixed with sufficient alkaline material to form a coating which has a pH in dilute aqueous solution at ambient temperature of at least about nine or higher. The inorganic salt is selected from a group consisting of the chloride, chlorate, nitrate, bromide, bromate and sulfate of an alkali metal. The alkaline material is selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and mixtures thereof. The inorganic salt coating comprises from about 4 to about 45 percent by weight of the calcium hypochlorite granule. The coated, rounded, solid granule of this invention is highly stable and resists chemical decomposition and dusting during storage.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a division, of application Ser. No. 548,653, filed Feb. 10,1975, which is a continuation-in-part application of co-pendingapplication Ser. No. 521,417, filed Nov. 6, 1974, which is acontinuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 276,615, filed July 31,1972, and is now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to granular calcium hypochlorite particles whichresist dusting and degradation during handling, and which are highlystable when contacted with lighted cigarettes or organic materials.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

In most methods for the commercial manufacture of calcium hypochlorite,a slurry is obtained containing crystals of calcium hypochloritedihydrate in a cool aqueous solution of calcium hypochlorite and sodiumchloride or other inorganic halide. The slurry is filtered to produce acake containing from about 42 to about 48 percent by weight of water.When this cake is dried, a very light, porous cake is obtained whichbreaks down to an undesirable fine, dusty powder. The crystals in thecake lack a natural cohesive tendency. If the filter cake is compressed,the resulting cake is harder but fragments into flaky granules withfragile edges. These are easily abraded and form an unsatisfactory,dusty product. Thus, the wet cake has been partially dried, compressedinto a sheet between heavy rolls which is broken up and further dried asin U.S. Pat. No. 2,195,754, which issued April, 1940, to H. L. Robson etal. This product has a highly irregular shape with fragile edges andwill break down into a fine dust when crushed or submitted to severehandling conditions.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,195,756, which issued Apr. 2, 1940, to Maurice C.Taylor, describes a process for preparing calcium hypochlorite particlesby admixing the wet cake of calcium hypochlorite in a cutting type mixerwith dry fines in sufficient proportion to decrease the water contentfrom the 42 to 48 percent level down to about the 20 to 30 percentlevel. No water is evaporated during this mixing step, but instead themoist particles are dried in a separate step under carefully controlledconditions to avoid any substantial crushing of the material. Granulecompression pressures are less in the mixer than by rolls and Taylor'sgranules are therefore softer. Although granular material is produced bythis technique, the integrity of the granular particles is not strongenough to resist dusting when subjected to severe handling conditions.

Similar granulation techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,195,755and 2,195,757, which issued to Homer L. Robson et al on Apr. 2, 1940. Ineach of these granulation techniques, care must be taken to dry thegranulated material under conditions which avoid substantial crushing orabrasion. The problem with the products of these techniques is thatexcessive dusting occurs when the product is dried under severelyagitated conditions.

In each of the four above-described calcium hypochlorite granulationtechniques, drying is carried out under gentle handling conditions in arotary vacuum dryer or the Wyssmont type tray dryer, which is commonlyused to minimize dust formation and entrainment in the dryingatmosphere. Drying rates in these types of driers are relatively slow.Because of the sensitivity of calcium hypochlorite to thermaldegradation, the losses of active hypochlorite are relatively high inthese types of dryers.

In the process of U.S. Pat. No. 2,347,402, which issued on Apr. 25,1944, to George Gerald Day, a plastic and unsprayable slurry of calciumhypochlorite is subjected simultaneously to evaporation and agitationuntil the water content is from about 25 to 35 percent and the solidsform loosely bonded aggregates. The drying of the above-describedproduct preferably takes place while the product is maintained in arelative quiescent condition, i.e, with little or no agitation until themoisture content is reduced to about 2 percent or less.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,901,435, which issued to H. L. Robson on Aug. 25, 1959,discloses spray-drying of calcium hypochlorite slurries to avoidfiltration and drying problems and to minimize loss of hypochlorite byreduction of the drying time. However, the product is hollow, highlyporous particles of low density which cannot withstand severe handlingconditions without severe dusting.

The spray graining technique has been used to prepare granular solidsfrom various aqueous solutions and aqueous slurries. For example,British Patent No. 576,557 relates to the dehydration of aluminumsulfate by spraying a solution thereof onto a rotating bed of preformedcrystals at a temperature from about 80° C. to about 95° C. (176°-203°F.) while passing hot gases in contact with the solid to remove water.Due to its high viscosity and tendency to form hydrated salts, aluminumsulfate solutions cannot readily be concentrated beyond a 50 percent to60 percent by weight of Al₂ (SO₄)₃. It is not subject to thermaldegradation hence relatively high temperatures and long rentention timecan be used to volatilize water from the granular solid. In addition,U.S. Pat. No. 2,926,079, which issued to B. G. Smith on Feb. 23, 1960,relates to the production of fertilizer pellets by spraying a slurry offertilizer solids onto a shower of individualized fertilizer particlesin a stream of hot gases in a flighted granulator. Fertilizer solids areusually clay-like in texture with good cohesive properties. Therefore,they can be easily bonded into granules in a moist condition. Bondingmoisture is also easily removed at elevated temperatures over suitableperiods of time because fertilizer salts still have good thermalstability at temperatures which induce rapid volatilization of water.Screening, crushing and recycling of the solid particles are disclosedby Smith.

Canadian Patent No. 592,240, which issued Feb. 9, 1960, disclosesspraying ammonium sulfate solutions onto a shower of crystals in arotary grainer. Rigid crystalline materials of this type are readilyformed into granular particles of high integrity in such a process.Ammonium sulfate is a fertilizer salt of sufficient thermal stability topermit water volatilization at high temperatures over long periods oftime.

In contrast to the foregoing cases, calcium hypochlorite is subject torapid chemical decomposition in the presence of moisture at temperaturesonly slightly in excess of ambient room temperatures. The experimentallymeasured decomposition rate at 30° C. for a slurry of calciumhypochlorite in water was 1 percent loss of active chlorine per hour.For every 10° C. elevation in slurry temperature, the decomposition ratedoubles approximately and reaches about 4 percent per hour at 50° C. At90° C.--a temperature still below the boiling point of water--thedecomposition rate exceeds 50 percent per hour. Thermal stability ofcalcium hypochlorite improves as the water content is reduced. Thus,anhydrous calcium hypochlorite has good stability even at temperaturesnear 100° C. Stability improvement becomes more rapid as water isreduced below about 17 percent at which point residual moisture existsmainly as the water of hydration of the dihydrate of calciumhypochlorite. In view of this interrelation of hypochlorite stabilitywith moisture and temperature, water removal must be rapid and at a lowtemperature to minimize the degradation of the product during thegranulation and drying steps of the process. Also, since crystals inhypochlorite slurry are very weak in cohesive tendency, as supported byearlier patent art cited above, this rapid, low-temperature drying mustalso be done under circumstances where sufficient cohesive bonding isinduced in the granule to form smooth, rounded hard grains not easilysubject to breakage or abrasion during the normal handling of theproduct in commerce.

There is a need at the present time for improved calcium hypochloritegranules which have a high level of integrity and resist dusting whensubjected to severe handling conditions.

It is a primary object of this invention to provide improved granularcalcium hypochlorite particles which have a high level of integrity andresist dusting when subjected to crushing under severe handlingconditions.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved method forproducing a novel granular calcium hypochlorite material having a highlevel of integrity which resists crushing when subjected to severehandling conditions.

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved method forrecovering calcium hypochlorite from aqueous slurries thereof to producea particulate product of controlled size, available chlorine content andmoisture content.

A further object of this invention is to provide a method for producingcalcium hypochlorite from aqueous slurries thereof at relatively lowreaction and drying temperatures to produce a particulate product withreduced losses of available chlorine caused by decomposition.

It is another object of this invention to provide a process foraccelerating the volatilization of water from moist and hydrated calciumhypochlorite at relatively low temperatures to reduce the quantity ofcalcium hypochlorite present in process equipment and thus minimizepotential manufacturing hazards which could result from accidentalignition and decomposition of this material.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producingsmooth-surfaced, rounded granular calcium hypochlorite particles free ofsharp, fragile edges which are subject to abrasion and dust formationduring handling.

Still another object of this invention is to provide novel granularcalcium hypochlorite particles having an inner portion of calciumhypochlorite and an outer portion of a different calcium hypochloritewith a different available chlorine concentration or different moisturecontent and a process for producing them.

It is another object of this invention to provide novel granular calciumhypochlorite particles having an inner portion of calcium hypochloritecoated with an outer portion of an inorganic salt other than calciumhypochlorite.

These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The novel composition of this invention is a rounded granular calciumhypochlorite comprised of a core of calcium hypochlorite encapsulatedwith at least one outer rounded layer of an inorganic salt other thancalcium hypochlorite, wherein the core of each particle generally has adiameter which ranges from about 200 to about 2,000 microns and thenovel coated granules have a diameter ranging from about 400 to about5,000 microns. The novel coated granules of this invention are formedfrom a pumpable and sprayable aqueous medium containing an inorganicsalt in a process which comprises:

(a) maintaining a moving bed of solid calcium hypochlorite particlescontaining from about 5 to about 30 percent by weight of water, and fromabout 50 to about 85 percent by weight of available chlorine on a drybasis in the lower part of a distributing zone having an upper part anda lower part,

(b) lifting a portion of the moving bed of particles to the upper partof the distributing zone and releasing the lifted particles to falldownwardly through the upper portion of the distributing zone to saidmoving bed in the lower portion thereof,

(c) spraying onto said falling particles a pumpable and sprayableaqueous medium containing an inorganic salt other than calciumhypochlorite,

(d) maintaining a temperature in said distributing zone sufficientlyhigh to simultaneously evaporate and remove water from said aqueousmedium on said falling particles whereby the resulting particles afterwater removal are coated with at least one layer of said inorganic saltin solid form, and

(e) removing at least a portion of the resulting coated solid calciumhypochlorite particles from the distributing zone.

Lack of cohesiveness between crystals of calcium hypochlorite iscounteracted in the structure and growth of the novel granularhypochlorite of this invention in that freshly deposited, pliable moistlayers of solid inorganic salt are packed and pounded onto the driedhardened underlaying seed substrate by innumerable impacts as the grainscascade in the drum or are otherwise forced into violent collision withone another. Where crystalline particles are too large to submit tohardening by collision impact, these may retain individual identity asnuclei to seed the bed or they may be collected in a dry dust collector,pulverized and returned in more finely divided form, more susceptible tocohesion and hardening by collision impact.

If desired, the coated particles removed from the coating distributingzone can be further dried to reduce the water content to a lower level.Alternatively, the coated particles removed from the distributing zonecan be conveyed to a subsequent distributing zone where they are sprayedwith at least one other slurry or solution of another inorganic salt toform at least one layer of salt other than the initial inorganic salt onthe exterior of the novel coated calcium hypochlorite particles. Furthersizing of the portion of coated calcium hypochlorite particles separatedfrom the coating distributing zone is generally not necessary prior orsubsequent to drying or other treatment, but may be effected, ifdesired.

The novel rounded granular coated calcium hypochlorite particlesprepared in accordance with the process of this invention, particularlywhen utilizing core particles of calcium hypochlorite prepared by one ofthe spray graining techniques described below, have a high level ofintegrity and resist dusting and degradation when subjected to severehandling conditions. For example, irregularly shaped granules ofcommercial hypochlorite break easily along the thin fragile edges whensubjected to pressure and abrasion. The fragmented edges form fine dusteasily dispersed in ambient atmosphere and results in severe respiratoryirritation, discomfort and health hazards. Fragile edges are absent onthe novel rounded grain of this invention and hence dusting cannotoccur. Even if this novel grain fractures under pressure, fragmentsremain sufficiently large to escape entrainment in ambient air duringnormal handling of the product. As a result, even though the novelcalcium hypochlorite particles of this invention may be fractured undersevere handling conditions during shipment, nevertheless, a minimum offinely divided particles are formed. Also, as a result, a more uniformdistribution of the calcium hypochlorite in the water being treated canbe obtained and respiratory irritation and discomfort from entrainedhypochlorite dust in air is greatly minimized. In addition, when theparticles have a coating of an inorganic salt as the exterior layer,there is an increased degree of resistance to ignition by lightedcigarettes or the reaction caused when contacted with organic materials.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention which utilize two rotaryspray grainers and a rotary dryer. In this embodiment, core particles ofcalcium hypochlorite are prepared in the first spray grainer and theproduct fraction is conveyed to a second spray grainer which serves as acoating drum. The product of the second spray grainer is then dried tothe desired water level in a separate rotary dryer.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the first spray grainer of FIG. 1through lines 2--2.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the rotary dryer through the lines3--3 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention inwhich a fluidized bed is used as the distribution zone to prepare thecore particles of calcium hypochlorite.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

More in detail, as shown in FIG. 1, a calcium hypochlorite processslurry of the type formed in a commercial calcium hypochlorite processis conveyed to filter 10. Calcium hypochlorite slurry is separated intofiltrate 11, which is recycled or otherwise processed, and filter cake12, which is admixed with a liquid such as water fed through liquid line13 into slurry mixer 14 to produce a pumpable and sprayable slurry ofcalcium hypochlorite. This slurry is conveyed from slurry mixer 14through mixer discharge line 15 by means of slurry pump 16 throughslurry feed line 17 to spray grainer 18.

Spray grainer 18 has a distributing zone 19 with an upper portion 20 anda lower portion 21, a feed end 22 and an opposite discharge end 23.Spray grainer 18 is provided with exterior tires 24 secured to theexterior thereof which are adapted to rotate in trunnions 25, exteriortires 24 being driven by a suitable motor driven rotation means 26 toeffect rotation of spray grainer 18 within the desired speed range.

As shown in FIG. 2, a bed of solid calcium hypochlorite particles isplaced in lower portion 21 of distributing zone 19 to form, when spraygrainer 18 is rotated, a moving bed of particulate solids whichgradually progresses from feed end 22 to discharge end 23 of spraygrainer 18. Transport of the feed from the feed end to the discharge endcan be solely by interaction with a co-current flow of drying gases (asdescribed below) or by a combination of gas induced transport aided orretarded by positive or negative slope of the drum axis. Bed transportcan also be aided or detained by use of inclined vanes and dam ringsattached to the interior of the drum wall.

As described further in FIG. 2, a series of lifters 27 are positionedaround the interior circumference of spray grainer 18 to lift theparticles of calcium hypochlorite from the moving bed in lower portion21 to the upper portion 20 of distributing zone 19. As spray grainer 18rotates, the particles gradually fall from lifters 27 as they approachthe top of upper portion 20 and fall through distributing zone 19 tolower portion 21 into the moving bed of solid calcium hypochloriteparticles. While the solid particles are falling from lifters 27 fromupper portion 20 to lower portion 21 of distributing zone 19, slurrypump 16 is continuously conveying through slurry feed line 17 thepumpable and sprayable calcium hypochlorite slurry to a plurality ofspray nozzles 28. Compressed air is conveyed through compressed air feedline 29 to nozzles 28 in order to disperse the slurry as fine dropletsfrom the spray nozzles and to effect the spraying of these fine dropletsof slurry onto the falling particles of calcium hypochlorite.

Heated air or other inert gas contacts the calcium hypochloriteparticles wetted with the slurry to simultaneously evaporate and removewater and to deposit a thin solid layer of the calciumhypochlorite-containing component of the slurry on the surface of thewetted particles. The coated particles fall to the moving bed andcontinue to be lifted, dropped and coated until they are discharged fromspray grainer 18. Any convenient heating technique may be employed. Forexample, heated air is preferably conveyed concurrently with the flow ofthe moving bed of solids through heated air line 30. Air is conveyed byblower 31 to heat exchanger 32 which is heated by steam conveyed throughsteam feed line 33 to heat exchanger 32. The heated air produced in heatexchanger 32 is conveyed through heated air line 30 by blower 31 intofeed end 22 through spray grainer 18, and passed out discharge end 23.The heated air fed to spray grainer 18 is generally at a temperature inthe range from about 85° C. to about 250° C. to effect simultaneousevaporation and removal of water from the falling particles. The steamcondensate from heat exchanger 32 is discharged through steam dischargeline 34.

At feed end 22 a feed retaining flange 35 is secured to the exteriorwall of spray grainer 18 in order to retain the moving bed of particleswithin spray grainer 18. Similarly, at dischage end 23, a dischargeretaining flange 36 is secured to the interior wall of spray grainer 18in order to retain most of the moving bed of particles within spraygrainer 18. Feed retaining flange 35 and discharge retaining flange 36each have an opening in the center, preferably of circular shape. Thediameter of the opening in discharge retaining flange 36 is preferablygreater than the diameter of the opening of feed retaining flange 35 inorder to insure that particles are discharged from spray grainer 18 atdischarge end 23 rather than at feed end 22. For co-current air flow,bed transport is primarily by interaction of the cascading bed with theair stream. Positive or negative axial slope can be used to aid orretard air transport. Also, internal dam rings (not shown) can be usedto retard flow by increasing bed depth. Also, slanted vanes (not shown)can be mounted to inner walls of spray grainer 18 to aid or retard bedtransport.

As the number and size of calcium hypochlorite granules increases, themoving bed builds up behind discharge retaining flange 36 until a levelis reached where the particles fall out through the opening in dischargeretaining flange 36 into solids collection zone 37. Granules from solidscollection zone 37 are conveyed by suitable conveying means to asuitable size classification apparatus. For example, a solids conveyingmeans such as a chute 38, elevator 39 and inclined trough 40 convey allor part of the solids to screens 41 which are preferably heated tominimize blinding. However, other apparatus such as an air classifiermay be used to separate the particles into an over-size fraction, anunder-size fraction and a product fraction. By-pass line 122 returnssolids in excess of the feed rate to spray grainer 18. Screens 41contain an over-size screen 42 and an under-size screen 43 whichseparate over-size particles and under-size particles from the productfraction. Generally, any desired particle size can be obtained. In atypical separation, the oversize screen 42 has a mesh size in the rangefrom about 4 to about 24 mesh and the under-size screen 43 has a meshsize in the range from about 16 to about 70 mesh. Undersize screen 43always has a mesh opening smaller than over-size screen 42. A typicalproduct fraction ranges from about -8 to +30 mesh, but the size rangecan be varied as desired. Over-sized particles retained by over-sizescreen 42 are conveyed through over-size particle conduit 44 to rollcrusher 45 where the over-size particles are crushed to pass throughover-size screen 42 and then conveyed through crushed over-size particleconduit 46 to chute 38 where the crushed particles are recycled throughelevator 39 to screens 41. Under-size particles which pass throughunder-size screen 43 are conveyed by means of under-size particleconduit 47 to the feed end of spray grainer 18, where they serve as coreparticles or nuclei for the formation of additional granules of calciumhypochlorite. A product fraction of rounded granular calciumhypochlorite is collected in product conduit 48 and processed asdescribed more fully below.

Exhaust fan 49 is used to withdraw moist air having finely dividedparticles of calcium hypochlorite suspended therein from solidscollection zone 37 through a series of conduits and apparatus. Thesolid-laden moist air is withdrawn from solids collection zone 37through conduit 50 to dust collector feed line 51 and into dry dustcollector 52, preferably of the cyclone type. Air exhausted from the topof dry dust collector 52 is conveyed through air discharge line 53 towet scrubber 54 for more effectual cleaning. Liquid such as water or adilute calcium hypochlorite solution which may be produced as aby-product in the preparation of the calcium hypochlorite filter cake,is fed through liquid feed line 55 to the top of wet scrubber 54 whereit contacts the moist air and removes the bulk of fine solid particlesretained in the air. The resulting dust laden slurry is removed from thebottom of scrubber 54 through slurry discharge line 56 by means ofscrubber pump 57. A portion of slurry discharged from scrubber pump 57is conveyed to calcium hypochlorite slurry mixer 14 through slurryrecycle line 58. The remainder of the slurry from slurry recycle line 58is recycled to the top of scrubber 54 through slurry feed line 59 andthen sprayed through scrubber nozzle 60 onto the rising dust laden airfed into the bottom of wet scrubber 54. Contact between the slurry andair removes substantially all of the suspended solids from the air. Theresulting gases depleted of dust are conveyed through exhaust conduit 61and exhaust fan 49, and discharged through air exhaust line 62 into theatmosphere, or are otherwise treated.

Dry dust collector 52 also separates dry particles of calciumhypochlorite from the moist air fed in through dust collector feed line51. These dry particles are generally too coarse to form hard cohesivegranules, particularly if recycled to spray grainer 18. Cohesion of theparticles is improved by intensive pulverization. Thus, the dustparticles are discharged from dry dust collector 52 through solidsdischarge line 63 into pulverizor 64. The solid particles are comminutedto a diameter of generally less than about 40 microns and then conveyedthrough pulverized particle line 65 to solids recycle line 66 whichrecycles the pulverized solids to spray grainer 18. If desired, aportion or all of the pulverized solids may be recycled to slurry mixer14 through mixer recycle line 67.

The product fraction of rounded granular calcium hypochlorite particleswhich do not pass through undersize screen 43 are conveyed throughproduct conduit 48 to second spary grainer feed line 123 to second spraygrainer 89. Generally the moisture content of the product fraction ofscreens 41 ranges from about 5 to about 30 percent, and preferably fromabout 15 to about 27 percent by weight. If desired, particles of calciumhypochlorite prepared by conventional commercial operations orotherwise, having a particle size diameter in the range from about -24+70 mesh, an available chlorine content in the range from about 50 toabout 85 percent by weight on a dry basis, and a water content in therange from about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight may be fed to secondspray grainer 89 through auxiliary feed line 124. In addition, theproduct fraction from screen 43 may be dried in a dryer such as rotarydryer 68 to the desired moisture content and the resulting dry productmay be fed to second spray grainer 89 through auxiliary feed line 124.

An inorganic salt coating composition other than an alkaline earth metalhypochlorite, in an aqueous medium such as solution or slurry form isprepared in spray feed tank 90 by addition of the inroganic salt throughinorganic salt feed line 91 and water through water feed line 92. Ifdesired, an alkaline compound may be added to spray feed tank 90 bymeans of alkaline feed line 93 to adjust the pH of the coatingcomposition to the desired level. The components of the coatingcomposition are admixed in spray feed tank 90 to form a pumpable andsprayable solution or slurry of the inorganic salt. This slurry isconveyed from spray feed tank 90 through feed tank discharge line 94 bymeans of coating pump 95 through coating feed line 96 to second spraygrainer 89, which operates in a manner similar to spray grainer 18. Inspray grainer 89, calcium hypochlorite core particles are coated with aninorganic salt coating in the same manner as calcium hypochlorite coreparticles are coated with layers of calcium hypochlorite in spraygrainer 18.

Second spray grainer 89 has a coating distributing zone 97 with an upperportion 98 and a lower portion 99, a feed end 100 and an oppositedischarge end 101. Spray grainer 89 is provided with exterior tires 102secured to the exterior thereof which are adapted to rotate in trunnions103, exterior tires 102 being driven by a suitable motor driven rotationmeans 104 to effect rotation of second spray grainer 89 within thedesired speed range. A cross sectional area of second spray grainer 89corresponds to that of spray grainer 18 of FIG. 2. In the operation ofthe second spray grainer 89, a bed of solid caclium hypochloriteparticles to be coated is placed in lower portion 99 of coatingdistributing zone 97 to form, when spray grainer 89 is rotated, a movingbed or particulate solids which gradually progresses from feed end 100to discharge end 101 of second spray grainer 89. Transport of the feedfrom the feed end of the discharge end can be solely by interaction witha co-current flow of drying gases (as described below) or by acombination of gas induced transport aided or retarded by positive ornegative slope of the axis of second spray grainer 89. Bed transport canalso be aided or detained by use of inclined vanes and dam ringsattached to the interior of the drum wall.

As described further in FIG. 1, a series of lifters 105 are positionedaround the interior circumference of second spray grainer 89 to lift theparticles of calcium hypochlorite from the moving bed in lower portion99 to upper portion 98 of coating distributing zone 97. As second spraygrainer 89 rotates, the particles gradually fall from lifters 105 asthey approach the top of upper portion 98 and fall through coatingdistributing zone 97 to lower portion 99 into the moving bed of solidcalcium hypochlorite particles. While the solid calcium hypochloriteparticles are falling from lifters 105 in upper portion 98 to lowerportion 99, coating pump 85 is continuously conveying through coatingfeed line 96 the pumpable and sprayable coating composition to at leastone coating spray nozzle 106. Compressed air is conveyed throughcompressed air feed line 107 to nozzle 106 in order to disperse thecoating composition as fine droplets from the coating spray nozzle 106and to effect the spraying of these fine droplets of coating compositiononto the falling particles of calcium hypochlorite.

Heated air or other inert gas contacts the calcium hypochloriteparticles wetted with the solution or slurry of coating composition tosimultaneously evaporate and remove water, and to deposit a thin layerof the solid coating composition on the surface of the calciumhypochlorite particles. The coated particles fall to the moving bed, andcontinue to be lifted, dropped and coated until they are discharged fromsecond spray grainer 89. As the solids progress through the distributionzone, layer upon layer of the coating composition forms on the calciumhypochlorite particles and encapsulate the calcium hypochloriteparticles with at least one layer of the coating composition to improvethe chemical and thermal stability of these particles. Any convenientheating technique may be employed. For example, heated air is preferablyconveyed concurrently with the flow of the moving bed of solids throughheated air line 108. Air is conveyed by blower 109 to heat exchanger 110which is heated by steam conveyed through steam feed line 111 to heatexchanger 110, and is discharged through steam discharge line 112. Theheated air produced in heat exchanger 110 is conveyed through heated airline 108 by blower 109 into feed end 100 through second spray grainer89, and passed out discharge end 101. The heated air fed to second spraygrainer 89 is generally at a temperature in the range from about 85° C.to about 250° C. to effect simultaneous evaporation and removal of waterfrom the falling particles. The steam condensation from heat exchanger110 is discharged through steam discharge line 112.

At feed end 100 a feed retaining flange 113 is secured to the exteriorwall of second spray grainer 89 in order to retain the moving bed ofparticles. Similarly, at discharge end 101, a discharge retaining flange114 is secured to the interior wall of second spray grainer 89 in orderto retain most of the moving bed or particles. Feed retaining flange 113and discharge retaining flange 114 each have an opening in the center,preferably of circular shape. The diameter of the opening in dischargeretaining flange 114 is preferably greater than the diameter of theopening of feed retaining flange 113 in order to insure that particlesare discharged from second spray grainer 89 at discharge end 101 ratherthan at feed end 100. As in spray grainer 18, co-current air flow bedtransport is primarily by interaction of the cascading bed with theheated air stream provide by heated air line 108. Positive or negativeaxial slope can be used to aid or retard air transport. Also, internaldam rings (not shown) can be used to retard flow by increasing beddepth. Also, slanted vanes (not shown) can be mounted to inner walls ofsecond spray grainer 89 to aid or retard bed transport.

As the number and size of calcium hypochlorite granules coated with thecoating composition increases, the moving bed builds up behind dischargeretaining flange 114 until a level is reached where the particles fallout through the opening in discharge retaining flange 114 into coatedsolids collection zone 115. Coated calcium hypochlorite granules fromsolids collection zone 115 are conveyed to dryer feed conduit 69 ofrotary dryer 68 by means of coated solids conveying means 116, or areotherwise processed. Size classification of the product of second spraygrainer 89 can be effected, if desired, with recycle of the under-sizeand crushed over-size fractions, but generally this size separation isnot necessary.

If desired, another coating composition in solution or slurry form maybe applied over the coating composition provided through coating feedline 119. In this embodiment, the second coating composition is placedin second coating tank 117 and pumped by means of second coating pump118 through second spray coating feed line 119 to at least one secondcoating spray nozzle 120. Compressed air (not shown) may be provided todisperse the second coating composition into fine droplets for bettercontact with the calcium hypochlorite particles.

A separate dust recovery system (not shown), employing an exhaust fan ofthe same type as exhaust fan 49 is used to withdraw moist air havingfinely divided particles of coated calcium hypochlorite suspendedtherein from solids collection zone 115 through conduit 121 to dustcollector feed line of the same type as dust collector feed line 51 andinto a dry dust collector of the same type as dry dust collector 52, anda wet scrubber like wet scrubber 54 in the same manner as moist air iswithdrawn from spray grainer 18. Recovered solids are recycled as feedto second spray grainer 89.

The coated product particles of second spray grainer 89 are rounded,granular calcium hypochlorite particles coated with the coating of aninorganic salt, and if desired, an additional coating composition.Generally, the moisture content of the coated particles ranges fromabout 5 to about 30 percent, and preferably from about 15 to about 27percent by weight. When the moisture content of the coated calciumhypochlorite ranges from about 0.5 percent to about 10 percent, itpossesses sufficient chemical stability to be used as a commercialproduct, and may be conveyed to packaging. If the moisture content isabove about 10 percent by weight and if it is desired to produce amaterial having less than about 10 percent moisture by weight, thecoated particles are conveyed through product conduit 116 through dryerfeed conduit 69 to rotary dryer 68, as shown in FIG. 1.

Rotary dryer 68 is provided with at least two dryer tires 70, preferablyconstructed of metal, positioned at two mechanically-suitable locationsnear the extremity of rotary dryer 68. Dryer tires 70 rotate in dryertire trunnions 71 and rotary dryer 68 is rotated by a suitable dryermotor drive means 72 which acts upon one of the dryer tires 70 to effectrotation of rotary dryer 68.

Rotary dryer 68 is provided with a dryer feed end 73 and a dryerdischarge end 74. Dryer feed end 73 is provided with a retaining flange75 and dryer discharge end 74 is provided with a discharge retainingflange 76 in order to maintain a moving bed of solids in rotary dryer68. Retaining flange 75 and discharge retaining flange 76 are eachprovided with a circular opening in the center to permit entrance andexit of particles being dried. Heated air is fed into feed end 73 ofrotary dryer 68 through heated air conduit 77. The heated air isprovided by blowing atmospheric air through dryer blower 78 into heatexchanger 79 which is heated by exchange with steam fed to steam inlet80. The heated air is conveyed to heated air conduit 77. The steamcondensate is discharged from heat exchanger 79 through condensatedischarge line 81.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of rotary dryer 68 through 3--3 ofFIG. 1. As indicated in FIGS. 1 and 3, rotary dryer 68 is provided withan air exhaust bustle 82 which communicates by means of gas dischargeconduit 83 with a dust collection system such as dust collector 52,exhaust fan 49, and scrubber 54 employed with spray grainer 18. The hotgases which have increased in moisture content within rotary dryer 68 aswell as cool air which is drawn into discharge end 74 of dryer 68through cool air feed line 84 are withdrawn through tubes 85 locatedaround the periphery of the internal wall of rotary dryer 68. Tubes 85communicate with a chamber located in bustle 82. Gas discharge conduit83 positioned in bustle 82 conveys the mixture of gas and any finelydivided calcium hypochlorite that may be present in the chamber withinbustle 82 to recycle in a separate dust recovery system of the typedescribed above. FIG. 3 also shows retention of the moving bed of solidsin dryer 68 by means of discharge flange 76. Granular coated calciumhypochlorite particles which have been dried in dyrer 68 pass overdischarge retaining flange 76 into product collection line 86 where theyare conveyed to storage or other processing.

Bed transport towards the discharge end 74 is induced by interaction ofcascading solids with the co-current flow of drying gases. If desired,rotary dryer 68 may be set at a positive or negative slope from dryerfeed end 73 towards dryer discharge end 74 to aid or retard bedtransport due to co-current air flow. The particles of coated calciumhypochlorite are thereby moved at a controlled rate from the feed end 73towards the discharge end 74 as rotary dryer 68 is rotated. In addition,inclined vanes (not shown) may be mounted on the interior walls of therotary dryer 68 in discharge end 74 to aid in the forward transport ofthe bed through the counter-current air flow zones. Bed depth indischarge end 74 of rotary dryer 68 can be limited by selection of asuitable diameter for retaining flange 76 in discharge end 74.

Rotary dryer 68 may be provided with internal flights similar to lifters27 of spray grainer 18 in order to move a substantial portion of theparticles to be dried to the upper portion of rotary dryer 68 andthereby increase the degree of contact between the particles and thedrying air as well as the cooling air. Little or no dusting occurs.

In addition, rotary dryer 68 may be provided with a spray nozzle 87which is connected to spray feed line 88 which provides a solution orslurry of an additional coating composition such as a surfaceconditioning agent, which may be applied in small proportions to thedried particles to improve flowability or prevent caking. Gas dischargeconduit 83 conveys the hot gases containing suspended solids from airexhaust bustle 82 to a separate dry or wet dust collection system (notshown) where solid particles are separated and recycled to the bed orcoating composition make-up vessel (not shown) and fed through sprayfeed line 88 to dryer 68. This technique prevents recycle of the coatingcomposition to the beginning of the process and prevents contaminationof the calcium hypochlorite cores with the particles of coatingcomposition.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of this invention in which a fluidized bedtechnique is used as the distribution zone to prepare calciumhypochlorite core particles by the spray grain technique. Fluidized bedapparatus 130 is comprised of an upper tower 131 in the upper portionand a lower frusto-conical section 132 in the lower portion. A movingbed of solid particles of calcium hypochlorite 133 is suspended withinfluidized bed apparatus 130 by means of a suitable gas such as air ornitrogen, which is fed by means of gas feed line 134 into heat exchanger135 and heated with steam fed into steam inlet 136 and dischargedthrough condensate line 137. Heated air or nitrogen from heat exchanger135 is conveyed through heated gas line 138 into the bottom offrusto-conical section 132 into diffuser grid 139. Heated air ornitrogen is fed through the diffuser grid 139 under sufficient pressureand velocity to maintain the moving bed of solid calcium hypochloriteparticles 133 suspended within fluidized bed apparatus 130. Solids inthe moving bed have substantially the same composition at start-up asthe moving bed employed in spray grainer 18 of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. Thesefeed particles of calcium hypochlorite generally have a particle size inthe range from about 200 to 2,000 microns, and preferably from about 400to about 1,000 microns in diameter. They may be obtained by crushingcommercial granular calcium hypochlorite to the desired particle size,by utilizing a more finely divided product produced in conventionalcalcium hypochlorite processes, or by recycling fines from another orthe same fluidized bed operation. These finely divided seed particlesare conveyed through solids conveying means 140 to hopper 141 which isprovided with rotary feed means 142 for controlling the rate of feed ofthe solid particles to the upper portion of upper tower 131 by means ofcontrolled solid feed line 143.

Calcium hypochlorite slurry from calcium hypochlorite slurry mixer 14(not shown) of FIG. 1 is conveyed through mixer discharge line 15 toslurry pump 16 which conveys the calcium hypochlorite through slurryfeed line 17 to fluidized bed slurry feed line 144 and into at least onespray head 145 to the upper portion of upper tower 131. The calciumhypochlorite slurry is sprayed through spray head 145 on to thesuspended particles in the moving bed of calcium hypochlorite 133maintained in fluidized bed apparatus 130. As the calcium hypochloriteslurry coats the surfaces of seed particles of calcium hypochlorite, theheated air or nitrogen gas in the bed simultaneously removes andevaporates the water component of the slurry, leaving a thin layer ofsolid calcium hypochlorite on the seed particles of calcium hypochloriteinitially fed into the suspended bed. Freshly deposited pliable solidsare compacted and hardened with the hard dry seed particles by collisionimpacting of the grains against one another. This coating technique iscontinued as the particles contact additional spray of calciumhypochlorite slurry. Although the heated air or nitrogen gas is fedthrough heated gas line 138 at sufficient pressure and velocity tomaintain substantially all of the solid particles in suspension, thereis a tendency for the lighter particles to gravitate to the upperportion of the moving bed in upper tower 131 and for the heavierparticles to gravitate to the frusto-conical section 132 in the lowerpart of fluidized bed apparatus 130. An appropriate discharge line 146is positioned in lower frusto-conical section 132 to remove at least aportion of the suspended particles in the moving bed during thecontinuous operation of fluidized bed apparatus 130. This portion of thecalcium hypochlorite particles removed through discharge line 146generally has a particle size in the range from about 400 to about 5,000and preferably from about 500 to about 2,500 microns. In addition, themoisture content of these calcium hypochlorite particles is in the rangefrom about 5 to about 30 percent, and preferably from about 15 to about27 percent by weight. If desired, the calcium hypochlorite particlesseparated in discharge line 146 are conveyed to a size classificationapparatus such as screens 41 (not shown) wherein the under-size andover-size fractions are obtained along with the product size fraction.Under-size fraction from the screens is recycled to hopper 141 as seedparticles of calcium hypochlorite for the fluidized bed apparatus 130.Over-size fraction is crushed and then recycled to the screens.

The product fraction, which generally has a particle size in the rangefrom about 400 to about 3,000, and preferably from about 600 to about2,000 microns, may be stored for use as a sanitizing agent, or may befurther dried in a dryer of the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, as rotarydryer 68.

Exhaust gases are conveyed from the top of upper tower 131 through gasdischarge line 147 to a suitable dust collection and scrubbing systemsuch as cyclone 52 and scrubber 54 in FIG. 1 which scrubs the exhaustgases in a suitable liquid to remove the finely divided particles ofcalcium hypochlorite entrained therein. The resulting slurry is recycledto slurry mixer 14 of FIG. 1.

If desired, compressed air may be fed into spray head 145 throughcompressed air feed line 148 in order to produce a finely divided sprayof calcium hypochlorite slurry as discharge from spray head 145.

More in detail, with respect to the preparation of calcium hypochloritecore particles by the spray graining technique, any pumpable andsprayable calcium hypochlorite slurry containing from about 45 to about90 percent by weight of water, and preferably from about 50 to about 60percent by weight of water may be employed. Generally, this slurry isprepared by admixing water with the filter cake of calcium hypochloriteproduced in conventional commercial calcium hypochlorite processes ofthis type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,195,754-7, described above.

Although water is normally used to make up the slurry, any suitablerecycle liquid such as a portion of the filtrate produced in commercialcalcium hypochlorite processes, scrubber liquor, or other aqueous mediumthat are inert to calcium hypochlorite may be employed. If the waterconcentration of the slurry is below about 45 percent by weight, theresulting slurry is extremely difficult to pump and spray. On the otherhand, when the water concentration is above about 90 percent by weight,an extremely large amount of water must be evaporated, and, as a result,feed rate must be reduced, and the production rate is reduced. Inaddition, there is excessive decomposition of available chlorine whenthe moist calcium hypochlorite particles are exposed to the heatedatmosphere for the extended periods which are necessary to effectevaporation of such large quantities of water.

Other processes for preparing suitable calcium hypochlorite filter cakesare described in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Kirk and Othmer,Second Edition, Volume 5, pp 21-24.

More recently, another technique for preparing calcium hypochloritefilter cake and subsequent drying by conventional techniques isdescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 340,121, filed by WalterJ. Sakowski, on Mar. 12, 1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,099, which issuedJuly 15, 1975. The filter cake of this process may also be used toprepare the calcium hypochlorite slurry used in the process of thisinvention. If desired, dry finely divided, pulverized particles ofcalcium hypochlorite, such as dust recovered in the dry dust collectormay be admixed with an appropriate liquid, or dilute solutions orslurries of calcium hypochlorite may be evaporated to form a slurryhaving a calcium hypochlorite concentration within the above definedranges and used as a starting slurry in the spray graining technique forpreparing core particles.

The proportion of impurities in the calcium hypochlorite slurry willvary with the type of process employed to prepare the calciumhypochlorite filter cake and also with the nature of the lime initiallyused to prepare the calcium hypochlorite. A typical analysis of acalcium hypochlorite filter cake prepared by a commercial process and atypical preferred analysis range for the calcium hypochlorite slurryuseful as a starting material in the preparation of core particles bythe spray graining technique are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                     Typical Filter                                                                              Typical Cake                                                    Cake Analysis Analysis Range,                                    Component    Percent By Weight                                                                           Percent By Weight                                  ______________________________________                                        Calcium hypochlorite                                                                       45.43         42-48                                              Calcium chloride                                                                           0.44          0.0-1.5                                            Calcium chlorate                                                                           0.02          0.0-1.5                                            Calcium hydroxide                                                                          0.24          0.2-2.0                                            Calcium carbonate                                                                          0.44          0.1-2.0                                            Sodium chloride                                                                            7.75          6.0-8.0                                            Water (Difference)                                                                         45.68         40-50                                              ______________________________________                                    

A suitable rate of feed of the slurry of calcium hypochlorite particleswill depend upon a number of factors such as size of the distributionzone, the relative size of the moving bed, the solids concentration ofthe slurry, the temperature and velocity of the drying gases, the rateof discharge, and the number of spray nozzles positioned in the spraygrainer 18 or fluidized bed apparatus 130, as the case may be.Generally, the slurry feed rate for a slurry containing about 55 percentby weight of water ranges from about 100 to about 500 pounds per hour ina spray grainer 18 having a diameter of about 3 feet. In a fluidized bedapparatus of about 3 feed diameter, the feed rate of slurry ranges fromabout 20 to about 100 pounds per hour.

Faster or slower feed rates may be employed, if desired.

The hold-up time in the distribution zones should be maintained at aminimum since excessive exposure of calcium hypochlorite particles toelevated temperature causes a substantial reduction in the availablechlorine concentration. Thus, the total hold-up time in the distributionzone generally ranges from about 30 to about 300 minutes and preferablyfrom about 30 to about 90 minutes. Under conditions of restricted heatinput, hold-up time may range up to about 150 to 300 minutes. Dryerhold-up time generally ranges from about 5 to about 50 minutes andpreferably from about 10 to about 25 minutes.

The rate of feed or input will have to correspond to the rate ofdischarge of products in order to prevent build-up or depletion of themoving bed to an undesirable degree. The number and size of spraynozzles 28, 106, or 145 will depend upon the length of spray grainer 18or 89, or the cross sectional area of fluidized bed apparatus 130, asthe case may be. The spray is utilized in order to obtain maximumdispersion and contact of finely divided droplets of the slurry ofcalcium hypochlorite or coating composition with the moving particles ofcalcium hypochlorite in the apparatus being employed. In view of thesolids content of the aqueous slurry of calcium hypochlorite, it isnecessary to use spray nozzles that are provided with openings ofsufficient diameter to prevent clogging of the spray nozzles.

The rate of slurry feed through the spray must be in balance with thelocal heat transfer rate in the drum. Since this declines exponentiallyas the temperature differential declines, the spray rate through two ormore sequential nozzles should also be in the same exponentialproportion.

In order to obtain the desired dispersion of the calcium hypochloriteslurry in the distribution zone, air, nitrogen, or other suitable gaswhich is inert to calcium hypochlorite is compressed and used todisperse the aqueous slurry through the spray nozzle heads. In spraygrainer 18 of FIG. 1, it is desired to position spray nozzles 28 inupper portion 20 of the distribution zone 19, as indicated in FIG. 2, inthe side opposite from the cascading stream of falling particles. Thenozzles should be positioned as close as possible to the fallingparticles to insure that the slurry contacts the falling particlesbefore the heated gases are capable of evaporating water from thedroplets. It is permissable for each spray to be in contact with thecascading stream of falling particles of calcium hypochlorite providedthe force of the stream is not strong enough to block the discharge ofthe spray of calcium hypochlorite slurry from spray nozzles 28. Spraynozzles 106 and 120 are positioned in second spray grainer 89 in thesame manner as shown in FIG. 2 for spray nozzle 28.

In order to improve the storage stability of the rounded granularcalcium hypochlorite particles produced by the spray graining techniqueof spray grainer 18 or fluidized bed apparatus 130, or particlesproduced by conventional calcium hypochlorite processes, these particlesare coated with at least one protective coating of an inorganic salt.The protective coating may be applied to calcium hypochlorite particlesbefore final drying, if the moisture content of the coating solution orslurry exceeds the moisture to be allowed in the final product. Excessmoisture from the coating slurry is then volatilized with any excessmoisture or water of hydration in the calcium hypochlorite core in thefinal drying step. The particle size of the calcium hypochloriteparticles to be coated generally corresponds to that of the productfraction produced in spray grainer 18 which is discharge through productconduit 48 from screens 41 in FIG. 1.

Any alkaline inorganic salt that is non-reactive with the calciumhypochlorite core and which is relatively stable under the handling andstorage conditions encountered by calcium hypochlorite may be used as aprotective coating to encapsulate the calcium hypochlorite coreparticles.

The inorganic salt is one which, individually or admixed with a suitableakaline material forms a coating which has a pH in dilute aqueoussolution (for example, about 0.1 molar solution) at ambient temperatureof at least about 9 or higher, and preferably from about 9 to about 12.

Typical examples of suitable inorganic salts useful as the protectivecoating include chlorides, chlorates, bromides, bromates, nitrates, andsulfates hexametaphosphates, and tetraphosphates of an alkali metal suchas sodium, potassium, lithium, and mixtures thereof.

It is preferred to employ an alkali metal chloride or bromide admixedwith sufficient alkaline material such as an alkaline earth metalhydroxide to adjust the pH of a dilute aqueous solution of the resultingmixture to the desired level, i.e., a pH of about 9 or higher.

Suitable alkali metal chlorides and bromides include sodium chloride,potassium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide,lithium bromide, mixtures thereof and the like. Chlorates and bromatesof the alkali metals may also be employed.

Suitable alkaline earth metal hydroxides include calcium hydroxide,strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, mixturesthereof and the like. If the calcium hypochlorite core particle containsa large proportion of free lime, it is generally not necessary to mixthe inorganic salt with an alkaline earth metal hydroxide.

For example, if the calcium hypochlorite core particle contains about 2percent by weight of free lime, a coating of sodium comprising up toabout 30 percent of the coated particle can be employed. However, it ispreferred to mix the alkali metal halide with the alkaline earth metalhydroxide in a weight ratio of from about 2:1 to about 99:1 in aqueoussolution or slurry prior to applying as a coating to the calciumhypochlorite particles.

Although alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassiumhydroxide have a high pH, they are very corrosive in high concentrationsand therefore their use must be carefully controlled when used as thealkaline material.

Alkali metal phosphates and alkali metal borates are sufficientlyalkaline to be used as the protective coating for the calciumhypochlorite. Suitable compounds of this type include: disodium hydrogenphosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium tetraborate, potassiumtetraborate, and the like. The alkali metal carbonates and alkali metalsilicates also are sufficiently alkaline to provide a protective layer,but their use in large proportions may cause the formation of cloudywater due to the precipitation of insoluble calcium salts, which issometimes objectionable from an appearance standpoint.

The inorganic salt coating composition is added as a slurry or solution,depending upon the solubility of the inorganic salt in water. Generally,the solution or slurry of coating composition contains from about 40 toabout 90 percent water and preferably from about 40 to about 60 percentby water.

Too much water requires excessive exposure of the coated calciumhypochlorite particles to hot gases, which causes loss of availablechlorine. Too little water in the coating composition may cause sprayingproblems due to high viscosity of the slurry.

Calcium hypochlorite decomposes rapidly in the presence of an acid, andtherefore it is important for the initial coating to be an alkalinesubstance which forms a dilute aqueous solution having a pH of about 9or higher. Although this alkaline buffer coating provides stability forthe calcium hypochlorite particles against acidic reactions, a higherdegree of protection for the calcium hypochlorite core particles againstthermal decomposition can be obtained by the use of a second coating ofa different inorganic salt such as one of the aforesaid alkaline saltsor a hydrated acidic substance such as aluminum sulfate hydrate,magnesium sulfate hydrate, and the like.

Potential chemical interaction between the core and outer inorganiccoating salt is diminished by an initial application of an inert bufferlayer such as sodium chloride alkalized with calcium hydroxide to thecore to provide isolation between the core and the outer coating.

For example, in the preparation of multi-layered particles, calciumhypochlorite core particles of the type produced in spray grainer 18 andrecovered as the product fraction from screen 42, or particles otherwiseprepared by conventional commercial calcium hypochlorite processes, arecoated with one of the aforesaid alkaline inorganic salts in spraygrainer 89 by spraying a slurry or solution of the inorganic saltthrough spray nozzle 106. A protective coating of a second inorganicsalt in solution or slurry form is then sprayed through spray nozzle 120onto the calcium hypochlorite core particles coated with the coating ofthe first inorganic salt.

The second inorganic salt can be any of one of the above describedalkaline inorganic salts and may be the same or different from the firstinorganic salt.

In addition to the above mentioned alkaline inorganic salts, certainhydrated salts may also be used to form a second protective coating onthe calcium hypochlorite core particles previously coated with thealkaline inorganic salt. Typical examples of suitable hydrated salts arealuminum sulfate hydrate, (from about 12 to about 18 moles of water),magnesium sulfate hydrate, (from about 4 to 7 moles of water), eutecticmixtures of tetra- and meta-borates of alkali metals and the like.

The second protective coating may be applied in second spray grainer 89through spray nozzle 120 as an aqueous solution or slurry, and requiresevaporation of the aqueous component in order to obtain a thinprotective coating on the calcium hypochlorite particles.

The concentration of the second coating composition in the aqueoussolution or slurry will vary with the nature of the inorganic compound,but is generally in the range from about 40 to about 90 percent byweight of water. Too much water causes extended contact between thecalcium hypochlorite and hot gases, causing loss of available chlorine.Too little water causes spraying problems due to the high viscosity ofthe slurry.

A coating of a surface conditioning agent may be applied in rotary dryer68 by spraying a concentrated solution or slurry of a compound such as apolyacrylic acid through spray nozzle 87 in the cooling end of rotarydryer 68 to improve flowability or prevent caking of the coated calciumhypochlorite. The water applied to the product in this case should beequal or less than that to be retained in the final product (usually 0.5percent to about 10 percent) since subsequent drying is not desirable.Where the amount of water is in excess of about 10 percent by weight,the coating solutions or slurries, are applied before final drying, asdescribed above in second spray grainer 89. Nevertheless, coated calciumhypochlorite particles discharged from rotary dryer 68 through productline 86 may be conveyed to an additional dryer such as rotary dryer 68,or a conventional shelf dryer, if it is desired to reduce the moisturecontent of the resulting coated calcium hypochlorite product.

Generally, the dried coated calcium hypochlorite particles produced byspraying in spray grainer 89, and if employed, rotary dryer 68, have aparticle size which ranges from about -4 mesh to about +40 mesh, andpreferably from about -10 mesh to about +30 mesh. The coated calciumhypochlorite particles thus produced contain at least one protectivelayer of an inorganic salt. If desired, one or more protective layers ofanother of the above specified inorganic salts may be added. Thethickness of the protective layer of the first inorganic salt and anyadditional inorganic salts, if present, is generally sufficient tocomprise from about 4 to about 45 percent by weight, and preferably fromabout 4 to about 40 percent by weight of the entire calcium hypochloritegranule. The average available chlorine content of the entire granulegenerally averages from about 50 to about 80 percent and preferably fromabout 60 to about 78 percent by weight (dry basis) and the average watercontent ranges from about 0.5 to about 10, and preferably from about 1to about 8 percent by weight.

The available chlorine content of the calcium hypochlorite coregenerally ranges from about 50 to about 85 percent and preferably fromabout 60 to about 83 percent by weight on a dry basis.

Because of the heterogeneous nature of the exterior layer, the coatedcalcium hypochlorite particles are more stable to thermal decompositionand loss of available chlorine.

Axial rotation of spray grainers 18 and 89 is preferably within therange from about 10 rpm to about 45 rpm when the diameter of the drum ofspray grainer 18 or 89 ranges from about 1 foot to about 12 feet. Theserotation speed are determined in accordance with the formula:

    rpm=20√3/D(ft.), where D=drum diameter

Lower speeds are also practical in accordance with the formula:

    rpm=5√3/D(ft.)

Other speeds between and beyond these limits are also permissable.

Rotation of spray grainers 18 and 89 and rotary dryer 68 is effected byany convenient motor driven means such as electric motors with chain orgear drives.

Evaporation of the liquid component of the slurry is effected in spraygrainers 18 or 89, or fluidized bed apparatus 130 by any suitableheating means such as by means of a heated gas such as air or nitrogenor other gas which is inert to calcium hypochlorite. The gas may beheated indirectly in a heat exchanger, with steam, hot combustion gases,or any other suitable manner. Gases which contain relatively largeproportions of carbon dioxide and water vapor are not suitable fordrying the liquid components from the slurry in spray grainers 18 or 89or fluidized bed apparatus 130 since the water component and the carbondioxide component react with the calcium hypochlorite particles to formundesirable by-products. However, combustion gases or other heatingmeans may be used to externally heat spray grainers 18 or 89 orfluidized bed apparatus 130 in order to maintain a temperature withinspray grainers 18 or 89 or fluidized bed apparatus 130 which issufficiently high to effect the removal and evaporation of liquid fromthe slurry of calcium hypochlorite without excessive decomposition ofthe resulting solid calcium hypochlorite granules. Other suitableheating means include external heating of the distribution zone withcombustion gases, liquid or solid fuels impinging on the drum walls,electrical heat, direct flame or other direct heating source beingapplied to the exterior of fluidized bed apparatus 130 or spray grainers18 or 89.

As indicated in FIGS. 1 and 4, evaporation and removal of the water fromthe surface of the calcium hypochlorite core particles is effected bypassing a stream of heated gas, such as air, nitrogen or other inert gascon-currently through spray grainer 18 or 89, or fluidized bed apparatus130, as the case may be. If external means are utilized to heat thedistribution zone, it is still necessary to maintain a flow of gasthrough the distribution zone in order to remove the humidifiedatmosphere that is formed by evaporation and removal of the water fromthe slurry on the core particles. The temperature of the distributionzone is maintained in the range from about 40° to about 70° C., andpreferably from about 45° to about 60° C., by means of the heated gaswhich is passed through the distribution zone. It is preferred to passthe air con-current to the flow of the moving bed of solids in spraygrainers 18 or 89, but counter-current flow may also be employed, ifdesired. The temperature and volume of the gas feed to the distributionzone are correlated with the rate of feed of the slurry, recycle solids,water content and residence time in order to maintain a suitable bedtemperature and also effect the desired degree of evaporation ofmoisture from the calcium hypochlorite particles. In order to maintainthe temperature of the distribution zone within the above definedranges, it is generally necessary to feed heated gas into the feed endof spray grainers 18 or 89, or the frustoconical section of fluidizedbed apparatus 130 at a temperature in the range from about 85° C. toabout 250° C., and preferably from about 100° to about 200° C. Thehigher temperatures are suitable with short residence times and higherbed temperatures and the lower temperatures are employed with the longerresidence times at lower bed temperatures in order to minimize excessivedecomposition of the available chlorine component of the calciumhypochlorite particles due to overheating.

The calcium hypochlorite core particles removed from solids collectionzone 37 of FIG. 1, and discharge line 146 of FIG. 4 generally have amoisture content in the range from about 5 to about 30 percent andpreferably from about 15 to about 27 percent by weight of water. Theavailable chlorine content (on a dry basis) generally ranges from about50 to about 85 percent, and preferably from about 60 to about 83 percentby weight. Although such core particles may be coated with the inorganicsalt, the core particles may be first dried by any convenient technique,such as rotary dryer 68 until the water content is less than about 10percent by weight before feeding to second spray grainer 89.

Coated calcium hypochlorite particles produced in second spray grainer89 which have the desired moisture content and available chlorinecontent must be cooled before storage. Generally, cooling can beeffected in a rotary drum wherein the particles are lifted in a mannersimilar to the moving bed of spray grainers 18 or 89, or fluidized bed130 and subjected to an atmosphere of cool ambient air maintained, forexample, at a temperature from about 20° to about 40° C. Generally,storage of the thus produced calcium hypochlorite particles may beeffected when the temperature is below about 40° C.

As indicated in FIG. 1, it is preferred to screen or otherwise classifythe product of spray grainer 18 or fluidized bed 130 to obtain a productfraction of the desired particle size. However, if particle size of theproduct is not important, sizing of the product of spray grainer 18 canbe eliminated. In that case, seed particles of finely divided calciumhypochlorite from another source is fed to spray grainer 18 for coatingwith calcium hypochlorite. Generally, the product fraction ranges fromabout 4 to about 40 mesh and preferably from about 10 to about 30 mesh.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the product of spray grainer18 or fluidized bed 130 is screened to obtain a product fraction withinthe above defined particle size range and then fed to second spraygrainer 89 for coating. The coated product of second spray grainer 89 isthen further dried to a water content in the range from about 0.5 toabout 10 percent and preferably from about 1.0 percent to about 8.0percent by weight of water. Drying to remove water of hydration isgenerally effected at a temperature higher than necessary to effectevaporation of free water from the slurry on the particles of calciumhypochlorite in spray grainers 18 and 89, or fluidized bed 130.Generally, the temperature in the heating end of rotary dryer 68, of thetype shown in FIGS. 1 and and 3, is maintained in the range from about65° C. to about 100° C., and preferably from about 70° C. to about 80°C. In order to maintain this drying bed temperature, heated air or othersuitable gas is fed to the dryer concurrently with the feed at atemperature in the range from about 85° C. to about 250° C., andpreferably from about 100° C. to about 200° C. Simultaneously, ambientcooling air having a temperature from about 0° to about 40° C. forexample, is fed counter-currently at the discharge end of dryer 68 inorder to reduce the temperature of the dried particles to within a rangewhere decomposition of the available chlorine component of the calciumhypochlorite particles does not occur to a substantial degree. Thistechnique reduces decomposition and also avoids problems of aggregationand sticking of the finished coated calcium hypochlorite product. Thehot dry product can also be conveyed to a separate air-cooled coolingdrum to conveyor coolers with water cooled jackets, to fluidized bed aircoolers or the like.

Drying of the coated calcium hypochlorite in dryer 68 is generally adehydration step as well as a drying step. Solid calcium hypochloriteparticles in the aqueous slurry fed to spray grainer 18 or 89 areprimarily in the form of calcium hypochlorite dihydrate which containsabout 16.6 percent by weight of hydrated water. Thus, when the productfraction dishcarge from product conduit 48 or 116 contains more thanabout 16.6 percent water by weight, the water in excess of this amountis free water. When the product from product conduit 48, 116 or the dryproduct from rotary dryer 68 contains less than about 16.6 percentwater, the bulk of the water is present as hydrated calcium hypochloriterather than as free water.

The calcium hypochlorite particles produced by this novel process areready for packaging, storage, shipping and use in the purification ofwater and the like.

In addition to producing coated calcium hypochlorite particles ofimproved strength and stability, the spray graining technique forpreparing the calcium hypochlorite core in one embodiment of thisinvention also results in improved yield of calcium hypochlorite basedupon initial lime and chlorine reactants, since there is a substantialreduction in the amount of available chlorine lost during the processingof the filter cake to produce a dry coated granular product.

Conventional granular calcium hypochlorite particles are in the form ofirregular sharp-edged flakes which must be prepared and dried undersubstantially quiescent conditions with a minimum of agitation becauseof the sensitivity of the fragile edges to attrition and a high level ofdusting. Unlike conventional granular calcium hypochlorite, the roundedgranular coated calcium hypochlorite particles of this invention can besubjected to severe conditions of agitation and crushing duringgranulation and drying without the formation of excessive quantities ofdust because sharp, fragile edges are totally absent.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the improvedstructure of the coated calcium hypochlorite particles of this inventionare a result of the formation of pliable moist layers of inorganic saltsolids and calcium hypochlorite solids when the spray graining techniqueis used to prepare the core particles which are packed and pounded ontothe dried hardened underlaying core or seed substrate by innumberableimpacts as the particles cascade in the distribution zone or areotherwise forced into violent collision with one another duringprocessing.

As the solids progress through the distribution zone, layer upon layerof calcium hypochlorite is formed in spray grainer 18 and layer uponlayer of inorganic salt is formed in spray grainer 89 on the coreparticles in an onion-like manner, each layer in the plurality of layersimparting strength to the particles.

The novel coated granules of this invention have a high degree ofintegrity and when subjected to a severe pressing force will fractureinto integral particles of the granule, rather than decompose into dust,which occurs with conventional granular calcium hypochlorite particlesunder the same conditions.

The term "rounded" used to characterize the novel coated calciumhypochlorite particles of this invention is intended to cover coatedparticles which are substantially spherical in shape, but which mayexhibit "egg-shape" distortion also. Irregular particles have a maximumdiameter and a minimum diameter. The ratio of the maximum diameter tothe minimum diameter of irregular particles of calcium hypochloriteproduced by crushing in conventional commercial processes is generallygreater than about 2:1. In contrast, the novel coated calciumhypochlorite particles of this invention approach a spherical shape andgenerally have a ratio of maximum diameter to minimum diameter of about1.5:1 or less, particularly when the core is prepared by the spraygraining technique.

A further difference between the novel rounded coated particles of thisinvention and the irregular shaped conventional particles is that theouter surface of the rounded particles of this invention is asubstantially smooth undisturbed layer of inorganic salt which is formedby depositing the solution or slurry and drying it under constantagitation to remove the water component of the solution or slurry. Incontrast, the irregular shaped calcium hypochlorite particles ofcommerce have been formed by compressing wet filter cake betweencompression rollers to form a sheet-like material, and then fracturingthe sheet into irregular shaped platlets which are subsequently driedunder quiescient conditions. Because of the unique procedure forpreparing the novel coated compositions of this invention, there is amarkedly improved resistance to dusting and physical and chemicalbreakdown.

The following examples are presented to define the invention moreclearly without any intention of being limited thereby. All parts andpercentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1

A rotary spray grainer was constructed of a drum 10" in diameter and 12"long turning at 30 to 40 rpm. Access to the interior of the drum wasthrough a 4" opening at one end. Attached to the walls were 4 radialflights 1" high. Drum axis was horizontal. Drum speed was set to producecascading of the bed over about 50 percent of the cross-sectional areaof the drum. Operation of the drum was batchwise.

The starting bed was 1.3 pounds of -20+30 mesh calcium hypochlorite, acommercial product having the composition shown in Table I, column (1).Heat was supplied by an external gas burner impinging on the drum wallsto maintain the bed temperature at about 60° C. (140° F.).

Feed was made up by diluting a calcium hypochlorite filter cake (fromEimco filter) having the composition shown in Table I, column (2). Waterwas added to make a slurry of creamy, pumpable consistency containing 50percent water and the analysis shown at Table I, column (3). The slurrywas sprayed onto the cascading bed in the heated rotary spray grainerfor a period of about 15 hours. A total bed weight of 4 to 5 pounds wasrequired to develop the maximum heat transfer capability of the drum.Particle size control of material in the bed was by periodic screeningof the bed. Over-size grain was crushed and returned as required to keepthe seeding rate in balance with the production rate. After all the feedwas introduced, the bed was heated with air at 90° C. (194° F.) for 10minutes to dry the calcium hypochlorite particles and the product wasremoved and analyzed. Total production was 8.9 pounds of productcontaining 62.5 percent available chlorine and water content of about 5percent. The production rate was 0.5 lb./hr. Bed retention time wasabout 300 minutes due to the low rate of heat transfer from the externalheater source through the drum walls. The excessive loss of availablechlorine is attributed to excessive retention time at too high a bedtemperature.

                  Table I                                                         ______________________________________                                        Composition of Materials in Percent by Weight                                                 (1)       (2)      (3)                                                        Starting  Filter   Slurry                                     Component       Bed       Cake     Feed                                       ______________________________________                                        Calcium hypochlorite                                                                          72.0      45.43    41.50                                      Calcium chloride                                                                              0.5       0.44     0.42                                       Calcium chlorate                                                                              0.1       0.02     0.02                                       Calcium hydroxide                                                                             1.5       0.24     0.23                                       Calcium carbonate                                                                             1.0       0.44     0.42                                       Sodium chloride 24.0      7.75     7.41                                       Water (Difference)                                                                            0.9       45.68    50.00                                                      100.0     100.00   100.00                                     ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE II

In another run in the same equipment as used in Example I, using aninitial bed of 3 pounds of commercial -16 mesh calcium hypochlorite,heat was introduced by means of an air stream at a temperature 150° C.(302° F.). The air volume maintained the bed at 45° to 50° C. (113° to122° F.).

Slurry feed was prepared as before from a filter cake containing 37percent calcium hypochlorite and 53 percent water. The resulting slurrywas sprayed onto the cascading bed in the heated rotary spray grainerfor 4 hours. Production rate was 1.3 lb./hr. The available chlorinecontent of the product was 70.4 percent and the loss of availablechlorine in the process was acceptable. The lower loss of availablechlorine is attributed to a shorter bed retention time and a lower bedoperating temperature.

For purposes of comparison, the spray grainer of Example II was chargedwith a bed of 4 pounds of commercial -16 mesh calcium hypochloritecontaining 69 percent available chlorine. The feed slurry of the samecomposition as used in Example I was sprayed on the cascading bed in theheated rotary spray grainer for 4 hours. Bed temperature was 70° to 75°C. (158° to 167° F.). Production rate was 2 lb./hr. for 4 hours. Theproduct contained 55 percent available chlorine (dry basis). This batchoperation for 4 hours at 70° to 75° C. (158° to 167° F.) resulted in alower available chlorine product due to excessive retention time at toohigh a temperature.

EXAMPLE III

In another run in the same equipment as used in Example I, 7 pounds ofcalcium hypochlorite were grained at 43° C. (109.4° F.) from slurry feedcontaining 55 percent water, 35 percent calcium hypochlorite and 10percent of inert salts. Production rate was 1.5 lbs./hr. The startingbed was 4 pounds of commercial granular hypochlorite containing 70percent available chlorine. The product as grained contained 20 percentof moisture including water of hydration. Five pounds of the hydratedgrain was dehydrated in the same drum in 50 minutes by exposure to a150° C. (302° F.) air stream. Heat input to the drum was electricallyheated hot air from an 800 watt source. The weight of anhydrous productrecovered was 4 pounds. Calcium hypochlorite content of the product was72 percent with 2 percent moisture. Loss of product by dusting wasnegligible. Approximate bed retention time of the starting bed was 120minutes.

EXAMPLE IV

In another run in the same equipment as used in Example I, 11 pounds ofcalcium hypochlorite was grained at 50° C. (122° F.) from slurry feedcontaining 55 percent water, 35 percent calcium hypochlorite and 10percent inert salts. Production rate was 3.0 lbs./hr. The starting bedwas 4 pounds of commercial granular hypochlorite containing 70 percentavailable chlorine. The product as grained contained 20 percent ofmoisture including water of hydration. Five pounds of the hydrated grainwas dehydrated in the same drum in 35 minutes by exposure to a 200° C.(392° F.) air stream. Heat input to the drum was electrically heated hotair from a 1500 watt source. The weight of anhydrous product recoveredwas four pounds. Loss of product by dusting was negligible. Calciumhypochlorite content of the product was 72.4 percent with 1.4 percentmoisture. Approximate bed retention time of the starting bed was 100minutes.

EXAMPLES V-VI

Grained and dehydrated products from Examples III and IV were stored for2 hours at 100° C. (212° F.) equivalent to 1 year at ambienttemperatures. The available chlorine loss was 0.27 percent in eachinstance.

Under humid conditions at 35° C. (95° F.) and 95 percent relativehumidity for 16 weeks, the loss of available chlorine content was 6.4percent, comparing favorably with a 6.22 percent loss for commercial,granular calcium hypochlorite under the same conditions.

EXAMPLE VII

Calcium hypochlorite was grained continuously in a drum 3 feet indiameter and 6 feet long rotated at 18 to 20 rpm provided with 16 radialflights 1" high positioned equidistant from each other around theinterior of the drum. Steam heated air at 150° C. (302° F.) was injectedat 800 cubic feet per minute. Feed slurry containing 35 percent calciumhypochlorite, 55 percent water and 10 percent inert salts was sprayedonto the cascading bed in the rotating drum at a rate equivalent to 100lbs./hr. of dry anhydrous product. Moisture in the bed was 15 to 22percent during graining. The bed was continuously recycled over a screenat a rate of 50 lbs./min. to isolate particles from the bed in excess of20 mesh screen size. Grained product recovered contained 60 percentcalcium hypochlorite and 21 percent water and was recovered at a rate of127 lbs./hr. The bed retention time was 75 minutes. The hydrated grainwas charged at a rate of 500 lb./hr. to a 3-foot diameter drying drumsupplied with 800 CFM of air at 177° C. (350° F.). Anhydrous productcontaining 1 percent of residual moisture and about 70 percent calciumhypochlorite (dry basis) was recovered at a rate of 400 lb./hr. The bedtemperature at the dryer discharge end was 74° C. (165° F.). The bedretention time in the dryer was 20 minutes.

EXAMPLE VIII

In a spray grainer of Example VII with a drum diameter of 3 feet and adrum length of 6 feet, the bed charge was 140 pounds of -30 +70 meshparticles commercial calcium hypochlorite. Drum speed was 18 to 22 rpm.Initial drum slope from the feed end was about 0.1 inch/ft. Operationwas continuous.

The air stream produced some dusting of the originally charged particleswhich subsided quickly as the feed spray started and began to hydratethe bed. The air pressure was adjusted to produce uniform droplets ofspray.

When the bed weight built up to 160 pounds, the drum slope was increasedto 0.2 inch/ft. At this slope, the recycle was adequate to accept themaximum feed rate from the spray head which was equivalent to about 50pounds of dry granular calcium hypochlorite per hour. A batch of feedfrom about 320 pounds of wet cake was sprayed onto the warm bed at arate equivalent to 50 pounds per hour of dry product for about 3 hours.Bed temperatue was maintained at 55° to 60° C. (131° to 140° F.) tomaintain a water evaporation rate in balance with the slurry feed rate.Available chlorine in the bed and product was 73 to 74 percent (drybasis). With an increased recycle rate, and a 50-pound per hour feedrate the bed temperature declined to 50° C. (122° F.) which resulted inan available chlorine content of the bed and product in excess of 75percent (dry basis).

EXAMPLE IX

In apparatus as shown in FIG. 1, a diluted slurry of calciumhypochlorite filter cake from an Eimco filter containing 40 percent ofcalcium hypochlorite, 10 percent sodium chloride and normal impuritiesand 50 percent water was charged at a temperature of 25° C. (77° F.) toa 10×30-foot spray grainer at a rate of 4,000 lb./hr. The interior wasfitted with 24 radial flights 6" high positioned equidistant from eachother around the interior of the spray grainer. Air was introduced intospray heads on branches in the slurry line at intervals to distributethe feed in the spray grainer. A recycle stream of partially driedcalcium hypochlorite pellets amounting to 60,000 lb./hr. (53 percentcalcium hypochlorite, 22 percent solid diluents and 25 percent water)was also charged to the spray grainer. The spray grainer and contentswere heated to a temperature of 50° C. (122° F.) by a stream of 20,000cu. ft./min. of steam heated air at 149° C. (300° F.). The spray grainerrotated at 10 rpm. Approximately one half of the recycle stream wasscreened. A stream of pelletized product of desired size (-16+30) wasremoved from the screens and charged to the dehydrator (rotary dryer) atthe rate of 2670 lbs./hr. Retention time of the bed in the grainer wasabout 40 minutes. The charged pellets had the same composition as therecycle stream. The dehydrator and contents were heated to 80° C. (176°F.) by hot air in the heating part of the dehydrator by introducing astream of 7,000 cu. ft./min. at a temperature of 175° C. (347° F.).Retention time in the rotary dryer was 15 minutes. Cooling air at atemperature of 30° C. (86° F.) was drawn into the cooling part(discharge end) of the dehydrator at a rate of about 2,000 cu. ft./min.The combined air streams withdrawn from the spray grainer and from thedehydrator amounting to 29,000 cu. ft./min. were drawn through a drycyclone dust collector. Dust collected at the rate of 200 lb./hr. waspulverized and recycled to the feed end of the spray graining drum.Residual dust was trapped in a water scrubber. The air was dischargedand water containing dissolved calcium hypochlorite was purged from thescrubber and used in making up fresh calcium hypochlorite slurry.

The product was pelletized calcium hypochlorite containing 70 percentavailable chlorine and having mesh sizes of -16 +30 mesh, U.S. standardscreens. It was dust free and dissolved readily in water.

EXAMPLE X

Calcium hypochlorite filter cake produced by the direct paste proceduredescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 340,121, filed Mar. 12,1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,099, which issued July 15, 1975,containing 83 percent available chlorine (dry basis) was slurried withwater to make a paste consisting of 45 percent total solids and 55percent water. This was dispersed by spraying onto a cascading seed bedin a rotary drum 3 feet in diameter and 6 feet long having 16 radiallifters 1" high positioned equidistant from each other on the interiorof the drum, turning at 20 rpm. The seed bed was calcium hypochloritewith a size range of -24 +40 mesh. The slurry was sprayed onto thecascading seed bed at the rate of 222 lb./hr. Air heated to 121° C.(250° F.) was admitted to the rotating drum at the rate of 800 standardcubic feet per minute. The bed temperature was maintained at 52° C.(125° F.). Water was evaporated at the rate of 100 lb./hr. to producespray-grained calcium hypochlorite with 2 moles of water of hydration inthe size range -20 +30 mesh at a rate of 122 lb./hr. The availablechlorine content of the recovered grain was 81 percent. Retention timeof the bed in the drum was 60 minutes.

The recovered grain in the size range -20 +30 mesh was used to form aseed bed of 160 lbs. in the drum described above. Filtrate from thecalcium hypochlorite filter, containing 30 percent total solids and 70percent water, with 35 percent available chlorine in the solids, wassprayed onto the seed bed at a rate of 130 lb./hr. until the bed weightwas 200 lbs. The average available chlorine content of the resultingtwo-layer product was 68 percent.

The 200 pound bed was then exposed to 177° C. (350° F.) air for 15minutes in the same 3 foot diameter drum to volatize the water ofhydration. The bed temperature remained at 74° C. (165° F.) until theresidual moisture in the grain was reduced to 1 percent.

EXAMPLE XI

A bed of 200 lbs. of the undried two-layer product prepared as describedin Example X was exposed to 177° C. (350° F.) air for 10 minutes in the3 foot diameter drum to volatilize water of hydration. The bedtemperature remained at 74° C. (165° F.). Residual moisture remainingafter 10 minutes of dehydration was 6 percent.

EXAMPLE XII

The procedure of Example X was repeated to form a bed of dried two-layerproduct containing 1 percent of residual moisture. It was cooled from74° C. to 38° C. (165° F. to 100° F.) by the passage of air at 27° C.(80° F.) for 5 minutes. The cooled anhydrous product was treated byspraying onto the cascading bed in the rotating drum a solution of 1 lb.of a polyacrylic acid sold commercially under the trademark "Calnox" in5 lbs. of water. Moisture in the final product without further dryingwas 4 percent and polyacrylic acid content was 0.6 percent.

Other products coated with polyacrylic acid or its alkali metal saltswere similarly prepared containing 0.6, 2.2, 2.7, 3.5, 4.9 and 6.1percent water. Available chlorine contents were 62.1 to 67.8 percent.

EXAMPLE XIII

A fluidized bed was maintained in a cylindrical tower 12 inches indiameter and 24 inches high. At the bottom of the tower, thecross-section was reduced to a 6-inch circular opening by afrustoconical transition section 16 inches high. Heated air at 93° C.(200° F.) was injected at a rate of 60 cubic feet per minute through adiffuser grid located in the 6-inch opening to prevent the flow ofsolids back into the gas line. Seed was fed into the tower to sustain alevel 8 inches from the top of the 12-inch section. Calcium hypochloriteslurry containing 45 percent solids and 55 percent water was sprayedonto the upper surface at a rate of 8 pounds per hour. The upper surfacewas in active motion by virtue of its support on the fluidized bed ofseed contained in the tower. Seed was added at the rate of 1.2 lb./hr.Product was withdrawn at the rate of 4.8 lb./hr. to maintain a fixedupper level in the fluidization tower. The solid in the feed addedthrough the sprays contained 82 percent available chlorine. The calciumhypochlorite product recovered contained 74 percent available chlorine.Grained calcium hypochlorite was withdrawn from the tower at 74° C.(165° F.). It contained 10 percent moisture.

EXAMPLE XIV

The graining drum as described in Example I was loaded with 4 pounds ofspray grained calcium hypochlorite with granule sizes ranging from 16-to 24-mesh. The material contained 25 percent moisture and 60 percentavailable chlorine. A NaCl slurry of pulverized NaCl suspended insaturated NaCl solution was sprayed onto the cascading bed in the drumuntil the bed weight had increased to 5 pounds. Simultaneously heatedair at 200° C. was injected. The bed temperature remained at 45° C.while the slurry was being sprayed. Slurry spray was then discontinuedwhile additional hot air flow was sustained. The bed temperatureincreased to 73° C. and remained at this temperature level until the bedmoisture had declined to 1 percent. Thereafter an increase in the bedtemperature occurred. Drying was discontinued when the bed temperaturereached 80° C. Bed moisture at this time was 0.7 percent. The recoveredbed weighed 3.8 pounds. Weight loss was exclusively due tovolatilization of bed moisture. The weight of NaCl used to encapsulatethe calcium hypochlorite was 0.8 pounds. Particle size of the grainafter coating ranged from -12 to +20 mesh. Available chlorine in thedried product was 63 percent. Encapsulated grain contacted with lightedmatches and cigarettes failed to undergo thermal decomposition whereasuncoated grains decomposed completely under similar exposure. The lossrate of available chlorine from the encapsulated material was equivalentto that from unencapsulated material with the same moisture content.

EXAMPLE XV

The graining drum as described in Example I was loaded with 4 pounds ofdehydrated spray grained calcium hypochlorite with an available chlorinecontent of 79 percent and a moisture content of 1 percent. A hotconcentrated slurry of basic Al₂ (SO₄)₃ solution at 110° C. containing45 percent water was sprayed onto the cool cascading bed in the drumuntil the weight of the bed had increased to 4.5 pounds. The alumencapsulated calcium hypochlorite contained 70 percent availablechlorine and 6 percent water the bulk of which was retained in the outeralum coating. Loss rates of available chlorine during 2 months indicatedequivalent storage stability for the dehydrated calcium hypochlorite andthe alum encapsulated grain. The alum encapsulated hypochlorite was alsocompletely stable on exposure to lighted cigarettes and chemicalcontaminants such as glycerine which sufficed to decompose the untreatedhypochlorite.

EXAMPLE XVI

Four pounds of dehydrated spray grained calcium hypochlorite was coatedwith 0.5 pounds of a hot concentrated slurry of alkalized magnesiumsulfate as described in Example XV for the alum coating. Availablechlorine after coating was also 70 percent with 6 percent water. The2-month storage stability was equivalent to that of the uncoatedanhydrous calcium hypochlorite and the encapsulated product was alsoinsensitive to decomposition by exposure to localized heat or chemicalcontaminants. After cooling the hot alkalized magnesium sulfate slurryfroze onto the hypochlorite as the crystalline hydrate of the salt.

EXAMPLE XVII

The graining drum of Example VII which was 3 feet in diameter and 6 feetlong turning at 20 RPM was loaded with 160 pounds of spray grainedcalcium hypochlorite containing 79 percent available chlorine and 1percent water. This bed was coated simultaneously from two feed spraysmaking applications in approximately equal amounts of an acidic eutecticof molten borates containing 12 percent Na₂ O; 45 percent B₂ O₅ ; and 43percent water, and an alkaline eutectic of molten borates containing 26percent Na₂ O; 35 percent B₂ O₃ ; and 39 percent water. Neutralizationof these two molten eutectics on the surface on the dehydrated and coolhypochlorite resulted in crystallization of the neutral, hydrated sodiumtetraborate. Total coating weight applied was 20 pounds. Thehypochlorite encapsulated in the hydrated borate was insensitive todecomposition by standard tests for thermal initiation or chemicalcontamination. This material exhibited storage stability equivalent tothat of the dehydrated calcium hypochlorite.

EXAMPLE XVIII

The coating demonstration as described in Example XVII was repeatedusing an eutectic melt of sodium borate containing 22 percent Na₂ O; 30percent B₂ O₃ ; and 48 percent water in one spray and a 50 percentsolution of NaOH in a second spray. Both sprays were directed into thesame position of the cascade and were operated simultaneously to form ahydrated metaborate crystal shell on the surface of the hypochloritecontaining 25 percent Na₂ O; 28 percent B₂ O₃ ; and 47 percent water.Total coating applied to the 160 pound bed was 15 pounds. Theencapsulated product contained 72 percent of available chlorine and 5percent of water. The encapsulated product was insensitive todecomposition by standard tests for thermal initiation or chemicalcontamination and also exhibited long term storage stability equivalentto the uncoated dehydrated calcium hypochlorite.

EXAMPLE XIX

Four pounds of rounded spray grained calcium hypochlorite containing 25percent moisture prepared as in Example VII in the spray grainer wasdehydrated in the equipment described in Example I by contact withheated air at 180° C. for 15 minutes. The dehydration temperatureremained at 73° C. until the bed moisture was 1 percent. The recoveredproduct weighed 3.0 pounds which includes 0.03 pounds of moisture. Dustloss during drying was only 1 percent of the weight of the productrecovered.

For purposes of comparison, the drying test of this example was repeatedwith 4 pounds of irregular sharp-edged flaky grain taken from theconventional calcium hypochlorite manufacturing operations. Dehydrationwas continued to 1 percent moisture. The recovered product was only 2.5pounds. Dust loss during drying was 20 percent of the weight of therecovered product.

This comparison shows the high degree of integrity and resistance todusting that is inherent in the novel rounded calcium hypochloriteparticles of the invention which are not characteristic of prior artcalcium hypochlorite product.

EXAMPLES XX-XXVI

Calcium hypochlorite was grained continuously, as in Example VII, in adrum 3 feet in diameter and 6 feet long turning at 20 rpm. The interiorof the drum was fitted with 16 radial flights 1 inch high positioned atequal intervals around the inner circumference. Steam heated air at 150°C. (302° F.) was injected at 800 cubic feet per minute. Feed slurrycontaining 36 percent calcium hypochlorite, 9 percent inert salts and 55percent water was sprayed onto the cascading bed at a rate equivalent tothe production of 100 lbs./hr. of dry granular solids. Moisture in thebed was 20 percent. The recovered grain contained 79 percent ofavailable chlorine based on dry solids. Product removed from therecycled bed was in the range from about minus 14-mesh to plus 24-mesh.Operation was continued until the accumulated production was about 1200pounds, which was divided into eight portions of about 150 pounds each,designated Portions A-H, respectively.

In three separate coating runs, Portions A-C were each separatelyreloaded as bed in the above defined graining drum and coated with aslurry of pulverized sodium chloride suspended in saturated aqueoussodium chloride solution containing about 50 percent water. Air flow andtemperature were the same as the initial graining run. The bed wasrecycled externally from the discharge end of the drum to the feed end.

In four other separate coating runs, portions D-G were each separatelyreloaded as bed in the above defined graining drum and coated with thecalcium hypochlorite slurry containing calcium hypochlorite and sodiumchloride as defined below in Table I. Air flow and temperature were asstated above. The bed was recycled externally from the discharge end ofthe drum to the feed end. The lower assay hypochlorite was derived fromEimco filtrate containing 70 percent water, 20 percent NaCl, and 10percent Ca(OCl)₂. Bed moisture during the application of the secondcoating was maintained in the range of about 20 to 22.5 percent.

On completion of the application of the second coating in each run, thespray feed to the drum was stopped while heated air flow continued todry and dehydrate the material in the drum. Sufficient moisture was,however, retained at the termination of each drying period to stabilizethe product against decomposition from thermal sources of ignition.

For purposes of comparison, the analysis of the uncoated sample, PortionH, is presented as Comparative Example A in Table I. Product analysesfor each coated product is also set forth below in Table I.

It can be seen from the table that the amount of residual moisturerequired for stabilization decreased from 6 percent in the instancewhere no additional coating was applied (Portion H) to 4.0 percent whenthe total weight of sodium chloride coating reached 9.0 percent. Inaddition, when the total weight of coating reached 37.5 percent, theresidual moisture required for stabilization was reduced to 1 percent.

                                      Table I                                     __________________________________________________________________________    Analysis of Starting Material and Coated Particles                                                   Coating                                                                              Bed    Product                                                                             Product                                      Coating Percent                                                                            Bed    Ca(OCl).sub.2                                                                        Ca(OCl).sub.2                                                                       H.sub.2 O                          Example                                                                             Portion                                                                           NaCl                                                                              Ca(OCl).sub.2                                                                      Total                                                                             Moisture, %                                                                          Dry Basis, %                                                                         Actual, %                                                                           Percent**                          __________________________________________________________________________    Compara-                                                                            H   0.0 0.0  0.0 20.0   79.0   72.0  6.0                                tive                                                                          Example A                                                                     XX    A   4.5 0.0  4.5 22.0   79.0   71.2  5.3                                XXI   B   7.0 0.0  7.0 21.5   79.0   68.0  4.5                                XXII  C   9.0 0.0  9.0 21.0   79.0   66.0  4.0                                XXIII D   6.0 3.0  9.0 22.0   79.0   68.0  5.0                                XXIV  E   11.0                                                                              5.0  17.0                                                                              22.0   79.0   66.0  4.5                                XXV   F   15.5                                                                              7.5  23.0                                                                              22.5   79.0   64.0  3.0                                XXVI  G   25.0                                                                              12.5 37.5                                                                              21.5   79.0   61.0  1.0                                __________________________________________________________________________     **Note: Water concentration in product required to desensitive product        against initiation of decomposition from thermal sources of ignition.    

What is to be secured by Letters Patent is:
 1. Coated rounded, solidgranular calcium hypochlorite particles comprised of a core of calciumhypochlorite encapsulated with a plurality of layers of an inorganicsalt other than calcium hypochlorite, wherein:(a) said inorganic salt isan alkali metal salt selected from the group consisting of the chloride,chlorate, nitrate, bromide, bromate and sulfate of an alkali metal, (b)said inorganic salt being admixed with sufficient alkaline material toform a coating which has a pH in dilute aqueous solution at ambienttemperature of at least about nine or higher, (c) the portion of saidinorganic salt on said core ranges from about 4 to about 45 percent byweight of said particles, and (d) said core ranges in diameter fromabout 200 to about 2000 microns and the outside diameter of saidparticles ranges from about 400 to about 5000 microns.
 2. The calciumhypochlorite particles of claim 1 wherein said alkaline material isselected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, strontiumhydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and mixtures thereof.3. The calcium hypochlorite particles of claim 2 wherein said alkalimetal salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride,potassium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide,lithium bromide, and mixtures thereof.
 4. The calcium hypochloriteparticles of claim 3 wherein said alkali metal salt is sodium chlorideand said alkaline material is calcium hydroxide.
 5. The calciumhypochlorite particles of claim 3 wherein the average available chlorinecontent of said particles ranges from about 50 to about 80 percent byweight on a dry basis.
 6. The calcium hypochlorite particles of claim 5wherein the average water content ranges from about 0.5 to about 10percent by weight.
 7. The calcium hypochlorite particles of claim 6wherein the particle size of said calcium hypochlorite particles rangesfrom about 600 to about 2,000 microns.
 8. The calcium hypochloriteparticles of claim 7 wherein the average available chlorine content ofsaid particles ranges from about 60 to about 78 percent by weight andthe water content of said particles ranges from about 1 to about 8percent by weight.
 9. The calcium hypochlorite particles of claim 8wherein the proportion of said inorganic salt coating on said particlesranges from about 4 to about 45 percent by weight of said particles. 10.The calcium hypochlorite particles of claim 9 wherein said calciumhypochlorite core has an available chlorine content of from about 60 toabout 83 percent by weight on a dry basis.
 11. The calcium hypochloriteparticles of claim 3 wherein said coated particles are encapsulated inat least one layer of a different inorganic salt.
 12. The calciumhypochlorite particles of claim 11 wherein said different inorganic saltis selected from the group consisting ofa. chloride, chlorate, nitrate,bromide, carbonate, silicate, phosphate, sulfate pyrophosphate,tripolyphosphate, hexametaphosphate, and tetraphosphate of an alkalimetal, and b. sulfates of aluminum and magnesium.
 13. The calciumhypochlorite particles of claim 12 wherein said different inorganic saltis a hydrated aluminum sulfate containing from about 12 to about 18moles of water of hydration.
 14. The calcium hypochlorite particles ofclaim 12 wherein said different inorganic salt is a hydrate of magnesiumsulfate containing from about 4 to about 7 moles of water of hydration.15. The calcium hypochlorite particles of claim 12 wherein saiddifferent inorganic salt is a borate of sodium.
 16. The calciumhypochlorite particles of claim 3 wherein said coated particles areencapsulated in at least one layer of a polyacrylic acid.